Prevalence of anti-hepatits A antibodies in children of different socioeconomic conditions in Vila Velha, ES.

This report describes the prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in children from elementary school in the Municipality of Vila Velha, ES, Brazil. Anti-HAV antibodies were investigated by ELISA method in the serum of 606 children (four to fourteen years old) from three elementary schools, located in neighborhoods with varying household monthly income levels: São José School, 200 children, household income higher than US$700; São Torquato School, 273 children, US$200 to 300; and Cobi School, 133 children, less than US$200. From each children data on age, gender, skin color, sanitary conditions, frequency of contact with sea or river water and family history of hepatitis were recorded. Anti-HAV antibodies were present in 38.6% of all children, 9% in São José School, 49.1% in São Torquato School and 61.7% in Cobi School. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation of positive anti-HAV test with age, non white color of the skin, absence of sewage treatment and domestic water filter, and a past history of hepatitis. The prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in school children in Vila Velha, ES, was lower than that observed in the same age group in North and Northeast Brazil and was significantly higher in children from families with low socioeconomic status. In addition the results indicate a changing epidemiologic pattern of hepatitis A in our country, with an increasing number of children and adolescents with high risk for HAV infection, mainly in high socioeconomic class. A consideration must be given to the feasibility of vaccination programs for children and adolescents in our country.

Prevalence of anti-hepatits A antibodies in children of different socioeconomic conditions in Vila Velha, ES

É descrita a prevalência de anticorpos antivírus da hepatite A em crianças de diferentes condições socioeconômicas matriculadas em escolas de ensino fundamental no Município de Vila Velha, na região metropolitana de Vitória, Estado do Espírito Santo. Os anticorpos anti-VHA foram pesquisados por ELISA no soro de 606 crianças (quatro a catorze anos de idade) de escolas fundamentais localizadas em bairros com diferentes rendas familiares: Escola São José, 200 crianças, renda familiar acima de US$700; Escola São Torquato, 273 crianças renda familiar entre US$200 e US$300; e Escola Cobi, 133 crianças, renda familiar menor do que US$200. De cada criança foram tomados dados sobre idade, sexo, cor da pele, condições sanitárias, freqüência de contacto com água de rio ou de mar e história de hepatite na família. Anticorpos anti-VHA estavam presentes em 38,6% de todas as crianças, 9% na Escola São José, 49,1% na Escola São Torquato e 61,7% na Escola Cobi. Análise de regressão logística demonstrou correlação entre o teste anti-HAV positivo com idade, pele preta ou mulata, ausência de esgoto domiciliar e de água filtrada e história de hepatite na família. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-HAV em Vila Velha foi menor do que a observada, no mesmo grupo etário, no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, e foi maior nas crianças de piores condições socioeconômicas. Também, os dados indicam uma mudança no perfil epidemiológico da hepatite A no nosso meio, com um aumento do número de crianças e adolescentes com alto risco de infecção, especialmente nas classes socioeconômicas mais altas. Deve-se discutir a necessidade de vacinação para hepatite A nas crianças e adolescentes no nosso meio.

[Hepatitis A]. / Hepatite A.

Hepatitis A infection is known since the ancient Chinese, Greek and Roman civilizations but the first documented report was published in the eighteenth century. The hepatovirus belongs to the Picornaviridae family, and carries a single strand RNA. There are 7 genotypes. Antibodies of the IgM and IgA classes, during natural infections, appear early in the serum, together with the first clinical manifestations of the disease, but they may also appear at the end of the first week of infection. There is a spectrum of clinical presentation: asymptomatic infection, symptomatic without jaundice and symptomatic jaundiced. A rare fatal form of hepatitis has been described. Diagnosis of the hepatitis A infection is confirmed by the finding of IgM anti-HAV antibodies, routinely performed using an ELISA test. Treatment is supportive. Intramuscular anti-A gamma globulin is used for passive immune prophylaxis, and there is an efficient vaccine for active immune prophylaxis.

Hepatite A / Hepatitis A

A hepatite A é conhecida desde as antigas civilizações chinesa, grega e romana, mas o primeiro relato escrito se deu no século 18. O agente é um picornavírus, do genêro Hepatovírus e o RNA viral possui fita simples. Existem sete genótipos. Nas infecções naturais, os anticorpos das classes IgM e IgA säo os mais precoces, aparecendo junto com as primeiras manifestações clínicas, mas podem surgir apenas no final da primeira semana de doença. A infecçäo pelo vírus da hepatite A resulta em infecçäo assintomática, infecçäo sintomática anictérica, ou em infecçäo sintomática ictérica. A forma fulminante da hepatite näo é freqüente. O diagnóstico etiológico é feito pela pesquisa dos anticorpos anti-VHA da classe IgM, geralmente, pelo método de ELISA. Nenhum medicamento, exceto os sintomáticos, devem ser prescritos. A imunoprofilaxia passiva é feita pela injeçäo intramuscular de gamaglobulina anti-A e a imunoprofilaxia ativa através da vacinaçäo

Prevalence of intestinal nematodes in alcoholic patients

We report the results of a retrospective study on the frequency of intestinal nematodes among 198 alcoholic and 440 nonalcoholic patients at the University Hospital Cassiano Antonio Moraes in Vitória, ES, Brazil. The control sample included 194 nonalcoholic patients matched according to age, sex and neighborhood and a random sample of 296 adults admitted at the same hospital. Stool examination by sedimentation method (three samples) was performed in all patients. There was a significantly higher frequency of intestinal nematodes in alcoholics than in controls (35.3 percent and 19.2 percent, respectively), due to a higher frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis (21.7 percent and 4.1 percent, respectively). Disregarding this parasite, the frequency of the other nematodes was similar in both groups. The higher frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics could be explained by immune modulation and/or by some alteration in corticosteroid metabolism induced by chronic ethanol ingestion. Corticosteroid metabolites would mimic the worm ecdisteroids, that would in turn increase the fecundity of females in duodenum and survival of larvae. Consequently, the higher frequency of Strongyloides larvae in stool of alcoholics does not necessarily reflect an increased frequency of infection rate, but only an increased chance to present a positive stool examination using sedimentation methods

Prevalence of intestinal nematodes in alcoholic patients.

We report the results of a retrospective study on the frequency of intestinal nematodes among 198 alcoholic and 440 nonalcoholic patients at the University Hospital Cassiano Antonio Moraes in Vit ria, ES, Brazil. The control sample included 194 nonalcoholic patients matched according to age, sex and neighborhood and a random sample of 296 adults admitted at the same hospital. Stool examination by sedimentation method (three samples) was performed in all patients. There was a significantly higher frequency of intestinal nematodes in alcoholics than in controls (35.3% and 19.2%, respectively), due to a higher frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis (21.7% and 4.1%, respectively). Disregarding this parasite, the frequency of the other nematodes was similar in both groups. The higher frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics could be explained by immune modulation and/or by some alteration in corticosteroid metabolism induced by chronic ethanol ingestion. Corticosteroid metabolites would mimic the worm ecdisteroids, that would in turn increase the fecundity of females in duodenum and survival of larvae. Consequently, the higher frequency of Strongyloides larvae in stool of alcoholics does not necessarily reflect an increased frequency of infection rate, but only an increased chance to present a positive stool examination using sedimentation methods.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil: report of a national survey (Florianopolis, SC, 1995)

Para conhecer as principais características epidemiologicas do carcinoma hepatocelular no Brasil foi feito um levantamento de casos diagnosticados no período compreendido entre Janeiro de 1992 e Dezembro de 1994, em diferentes centros médicos de diferentes Estados. Foi solicitado o preenchimento de um questionário simples que perguntava sobre: idade, sexo, metodo de diagnóstico, acoolismo cronico, infecçäo com virus B (HBsAg) e virus C (anti-VHC), cirrose hepatica associada e niveis sericos de alfa-fetoproteina. Foram analisados 287 casos, com idade acima de 16 anos, provenientes de 19 servicos medicos dos estados do Para, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Säo Paulo, Parana, e Rio Grande do Sul...